Rubella Disease
Definition:
[size=18]An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by the RUBELLA VIRUS and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system, it’s also called German Measles or 3- day measles.
About RUBELLA VIRUS:
Rubella virus is the only member of the genus of Rubivirus and belongs to the family of Togaviridae, whose members commonly have a genome of single-stranded RNA of positive polarity which is enclosed by an icosahedral capsid. The RNA-genome inside the capsid has a length of approximately 9,757 nucleotides and encodes for two non-structural as well as three structural proteins. The capsid protein and the two glycosylated envelope proteins E1 and E2 make up for the three structural proteins.
The molecular basis for the causation of congenital rubella syndrome are not yet completely clear, but in vitro studies with cell lines showed that Rubella virus has an apoptotic effect on certain cell types.
Mode of Transmission:
Rubella is a human disease, its spread from person-to-person via airborne transmission or droplets shed from the respiratory secretions of infected persons. There is no evidence of insect transmission.
Rubella during pregnancy:
If a pregnant woman is not immune to rubella and catches it during the first 5 months of pregnancy, she usually passes the disease on to her fetus.
If the fetus gets rubella during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, the baby likely will be born with many problems. The most common are eye problems, hearing problems and heart damage.
If the fetus gets rubella between 12 and 20 weeks of pregnancy, problems are usually milder.
If the fetus gets rubella after 20 weeks of pregnancy, there are usually no problems.
There is no treatment for rubella infection. The damage that happens to the fetus will last for the child's whole life.
Signs & Symptoms:
When a person becomes infected with the rubella virus, the virus begins to multiply within the cells that line the back of the throat and nose. After 14 to 21 days, early rubella symptoms can appear. This period between the transmission of rubella and the start of symptoms is called the "rubella incubation period. “About one half of people infected with the rubella virus don't develop symptoms.
Early Rubella Symptoms:
Rubella symptoms that are the same in both adults and children include:
Mild fever
Swollen lymph glands behind the ears and/or neck.
In adults, other early symptoms may occur one to seven days before the rubella rash appears. These include:
Tiredness
Muscle and body aches
Headache
Red, watery eyes (pink eye).
Notes:
Ø In children, the rubella rash may be the first symptom.
Ø These early symptoms usually last three to four days -- although it can be as short as one day and as long as eight days before the rubella rash appears.
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis is by blood test or virus culture.
The Treatment:
There is no treatment for rubella. The illness usually runs its course in a few days.
Vaccination against this disease:
The rubella vaccine is a live attenuated (weakened) virus, This vaccine is a shot given subcutaneously (in the fatty tissue of the arm or leg), and it’s given for children from 12 -15 months[/size]
Prepared By: NOSA.M
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2013-08-20, 12:04 am من طرف 
